Programming in C++ – Complete Beginner’s Guide with Examples, Exercises & Downloadable PDFs

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    // Integer: whole numbers
    int age = 20;
    cout << "Integer example (age): " << age << endl;

    // Floating-point: numbers with decimal
    float height = 5.9;
    double weight = 70.5;
    cout << "Float example (height): " << height << endl;
    cout << "Double example (weight): " << weight << endl;

    // Character: single letter or symbol
    char grade = 'A';
    cout << "Character example (grade): " << grade << endl;

    // Boolean: true or false
    bool isStudent = true;
    cout << "Boolean example (isStudent): " << isStudent << endl;

    // String: sequence of characters
    string name = "Ali";
    cout << "String example (name): " << name << endl;

    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    // Character variable
    char grade = 'A';
    char symbol = '#';
    char letter = 'Z';

    cout << "Character example 1 (grade): " << grade << endl;
    cout << "Character example 2 (symbol): " << symbol << endl;
    cout << "Character example 3 (letter): " << letter << endl;

    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
#include <limits> // for numeric_limits
using namespace std;

int main() {
    // Find the maximum and minimum values an int can hold
    int maxValue = numeric_limits<int>::max();
    int minValue = numeric_limits<int>::min();

    cout << "Maximum value of int: " << maxValue << endl;
    cout << "Minimum value of int: " << minValue << endl;

    // Overflow: adding 1 to the maximum value
    cout << "\nAfter overflow (maxValue + 1): " << (maxValue + 1) << endl;

    // Underflow: subtracting 1 from the minimum value
    cout << "After underflow (minValue - 1): " << (minValue - 1) << endl;

    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    // 1. What is a variable?
    // A variable is a name that stores a value in memory. 
    // You can change the value of a variable during program execution.

    // 2. Variable declaration and initialization
    int age = 20;          // 'int' is the type, 'age' is the variable name, 20 is the initial value
    float height = 5.9;    // float stores numbers with decimals
    char grade = 'A';      // char stores a single character
    bool isStudent = true; // bool stores true or false
    string name = "Ali";   // string stores a sequence of characters

    // 3. Printing variable values
    cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
    cout << "Height: " << height << endl;
    cout << "Grade: " << grade << endl;
    cout << "Is student? " << isStudent << endl;
    cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

    // 4. Changing variable values
    age = 21;   // Value of 'age' is updated
    name = "Ahmed"; // Value of 'name' is updated

    cout << "\nAfter updating variables:" << endl;
    cout << "Age: " << age << endl;
    cout << "Name: " << name << endl;

    /* 5. Rules for declaring variables:
        - Must start with a letter or underscore (_)
        - Can contain letters, digits, and underscores
        - Cannot start with a digit
        - Cannot use C++ keywords (like int, float, return, etc.)
        - Should have meaningful names
    */

    return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    // 1. Integer literal
    int age = 25;  
    cout << "Integer literal (age): " << age << endl;

    // 2. Long integer literal
    long population = 7800000000L; // 'L' specifies a long literal
    cout << "Long literal (population): " << population << endl;

    // 3. Floating-point literal
    float height = 5.9f;   // 'f' specifies a float literal
    double weight = 70.5;  // double literal by default
    cout << "Float literal (height): " << height << endl;
    cout << "Double literal (weight): " << weight << endl;

    // 4. Character literal
    char grade = 'A';  
    cout << "Character literal (grade): " << grade << endl;

    // 5. Boolean literal
    bool isStudent = true;  
    cout << "Boolean literal (isStudent): " << isStudent << endl;

    // 6. String literal
    string name = "Ali";  
    cout << "String literal (name): " << name << endl;

    // 7. Escape sequence literal
    cout << "This is a new line\nand this is the next line using a literal." << endl;

    return 0;
}