Reading and Writing Files in Python: A Beginner’s Guide

Reading and Writing Files in Python: A Beginner’s Guide

Working with files is a fundamental skill in Python programming. Whether you’re saving user data, reading configuration files, or processing large datasets, file operations are essential. Let’s break down the basics with clear examples.

Basic Syntax for File Operations

Opening a File

Python uses the open() function to work with files. The basic syntax is:

file_object = open('filename', 'mode')

Common modes:

• 'r' - Read (default)
• 'w' - Write (overwrites existing file)
• 'a' - Append (adds to existing file)
• 'r+' - Read and write
• 'b' - Binary mode (for non-text files)

Closing a File

Always close files when done to free system resources:

file_object.close()

The Better Way: with Statement

Using with automatically closes the file, even if an error occurs:

with open('filename', 'mode') as file_object:
    # work with the file here
# file is automatically closed here

Reading Files

Example 1: Reading an Entire File

with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
    content = file.read()
    print(content)

Real-world use: Reading a configuration file for your application settings.

Example 2: Reading Line by Line

with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
    for line in file:
        print(line.strip())  # strip() removes extra whitespace and newlines

Real-world use: Processing a log file line by line to find errors.

Example 3: Reading All Lines into a List

with open('example.txt', 'r') as file:
    lines = file.readlines()
    print(lines)  # List where each element is a line from the file

Real-world use: Reading a CSV file where each line represents a data record.

Writing Files

Example 4: Writing to a File (Overwrites)

with open('output.txt', 'w') as file:
    file.write("Hello, World!\n")
    file.write("This is a second line.\n")

Real-world use: Saving program results or user data to a file.

Example 5: Appending to a File

with open('log.txt', 'a') as file:
    file.write("New log entry at: 2023-11-15 14:30\n")

Real-world use: Adding entries to a log file without deleting previous ones.

Practical Examples

Example 6: Simple To-Do List Application

# Add a task
def add_task(task):
    with open('todo.txt', 'a') as file:
        file.write(f"{task}\n")

# View all tasks
def view_tasks():
    try:
        with open('todo.txt', 'r') as file:
            tasks = file.readlines()
            for i, task in enumerate(tasks, 1):
                print(f"{i}. {task.strip()}")
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print("No tasks yet!")

# Usage
add_task("Buy groceries")
add_task("Finish Python project")
view_tasks()

Example 8: Configuration File Handling

def read_config(config_file='config.ini'):
    config = {}
    with open(config_file, 'r') as file:
        for line in file:
            if '=' in line:
                key, value = line.strip().split('=', 1)
                config[key] = value
    return config

# Sample config.ini:
# username=admin
# timeout=30
# theme=dark

Handling Exceptions

Always handle potential errors when working with files:

try:
    with open('nonexistent.txt', 'r') as file:
        content = file.read()
except FileNotFoundError:
    print("Error: File not found!")
except PermissionError:
    print("Error: Permission denied!")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}")

Best Practices

1. Always use the with statement for automatic file closing
2. Handle exceptions to make your program robust
3. For large files, read line by line instead of loading everything into memory
4. Specify the encoding if working with non-ASCII text: open('file.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8')
5. When writing, consider adding newline characters (\n) explicitly